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Unity Gain Monitoring

Loudness affects to perception. Louder sound often brings better impression for listeners, but the same effect leads engineers to a wrong sound judgement.

The idea of Unity Gain Monitoring is simple – putting negative gain on output stage. The amount of negative gain is same as makeup gain. Using Unity Gain Monitoring, the makeup gain is cancelled and you can focus the sound difference through limiting.

Oversampling

Non-oversampling peak limiters have a problem on detecting peaks. The figure below shows peak detection of limiters. Non-oversampling(1x) samples and oversampling(8x) samples result a same analog waveform. Non-oversampling(1x) limiters cannot detect a true peak in resulting analog waveform. In contrast, oversampling(8x) limiters can detect and process the true peaks.

Note that Invisible Limiter G2 is true peak aware, but it is for sound, not for measurement. The limiter does not guarantee conformance to any true peak measurement specification.

There is an obscure but important improvement in oversampling low-pass filter. This kind of filter aims to remove ultrasonic frequencies in the middle of oversampling process. In Invisible Limiter the filter has achieved 70 to 80dB reduction, the corresponding part in Invisible Limiter G2 does 160dB.

Psychological and Cognitive Injuries, Their Consequences, and Services to Assist Recovery

• Related Topics:
• Health, Health Care, and Aging,
• Military Force Deployment,
• Military Personnel,
• Military Veterans,
• National Security and Terrorism,
• Posttraumatic Stress Disorder,
• Traumatic Brain Injury,

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WINNER — 2008 PROSE Award — Clinical Medicine

The American Publishers Award for Professional and Scholarly Excellence

WINNER — 2011 HSR Impact Awardee

The AcademyHealth Board of Directors Health Services Research (HSR) Impact Award

Since October 2001, approximately 1.64 million U.S. troops have been deployed for Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom (OEF/OIF) in Afghanistan and Iraq. Early evidence suggests that the psychological toll of these deployments — many involving prolonged exposure to combat-related stress over multiple rotations — may be disproportionately high compared with the physical injuries of combat. In the face of mounting public concern over post-deployment health care issues confronting OEF/OIF veterans, several task forces, independent review groups, and a Presidential Commission have been convened to examine the care of the war wounded and make recommendations. Concerns have been most recently centered on two combat-related injuries in particular: post-traumatic stress disorder and traumatic brain injury. With the increasing incidence of suicide and suicide attempts among returning veterans, concern about depression is also on the rise.

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The study discussed in this monograph focuses on post-traumatic stress disorder, major depression, and traumatic brain injury, not only because of current high-level policy interest but also because, unlike the physical wounds of war, these conditions are often invisible to the eye, remaining invisible to other servicemembers, family members, and society in general. All three conditions affect mood, thoughts, and behavior; yet these wounds often go unrecognized and unacknowledged. The effect of traumatic brain injury is still poorly understood, leaving a large gap in knowledge related to how extensive the problem is or how to address it.

RAND conducted a comprehensive study of the post-deployment health-related needs associated with these three conditions among OEF/OIF veterans, the health care system in place to meet those needs, gaps in the care system, and the costs associated with these conditions and with providing quality health care to all those in need. This monograph presents the results of our study, which should be of interest to mental health treatment providers; health policymakers, particularly those charged with caring for our nation’s veterans; and U.S. service men and women, their families, and the concerned public. All the research products from this study are available at http://veterans.rand.org.

Data collection for this study began in April 2007 and concluded in January 2008. Specific activities included a critical review of the extant literature on the prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder, major depression, and traumatic brain injury and their short- and long-term consequences; a population-based survey of servicemembers and veterans who served in Afghanistan or Iraq to assess health status and symptoms, as well as utilization of and barriers to care; a review of existing programs to treat servicemembers and veterans with the three conditions; focus groups with military servicemembers and their spouses; and the development of a microsimulation model to forecast the economic costs of these conditions over time.

Among our recommendations is that effective treatments documented in the scientific literature — evidence-based care — are available for PTSD and major depression. Delivery of such care to all veterans with PTSD or major depression would pay for itself within two years, or even save money, by improving productivity and reducing medical and mortality costs. Such care may also be a cost-effective way to retain a ready and healthy military force for the future. However, to ensure that this care is delivered requires system-level changes across the Department of Defense, the Department of Veterans Affairs, and the U.S. health care system.

Related Products

• News Release

  One In Five Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans Suffer from PTSD or Major Depression

• Report

  Invisible Wounds of War: Summary and Recommendations for Addressing Psychological and Cognitive Injuries

• Research Brief

  Invisible Wounds: Mental Health and Cognitive Care Needs of America's Returning Veterans

• Brochure

  Post-Deployment Stress: What You Should Know, What You Can Do

• Brochure

  Post-Deployment Stress: What Families Should Know, What Families Can Do

• Multimedia

  Media Interview

• Testimony

  Invisible Wounds of War: Summary of Key Findings on Psychological and Cognitive Injuries

• Infographic

  After Nearly a Decade of War, Servicemembers and Families Report Stress, Resilience

Table of Contents

• Part I

  Introduction, Current Policy Context, and Historical Perspective

• Chapter One

  Introduction

• Chapter Two

  The Wars in Afghanistan and Iraq — An Overview

• Part II

  The Nature and Scope of the Problem

• Chapter Three

  Prevalence of PTSD, Depression, and TBI Among Returning Servicemembers

• Chapter Four

  Survey of Individuals Previously Deployed for OEF/OIF

• Part III

  Immediate and Long-Term Consequences of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, Depression, and Traumatic Brain Injury

• Chapter Five

  Predicting the Immediate and Long-Term Consequences of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, Depression, and Traumatic Brain Injury in Veterans of Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom

• Part IV

  Economic Consequences

• Chapter Six

  The Cost of Post-Deployment Mental Health and Cognitive Conditions

• Part V

  Caring for the Invisible Wounds

• Chapter Seven

  Systems of Care: Challenges and Opportunities to Improve Access to High-Quality Care

• Part VI

  Conclusions and Recommendations

• Chapter Eight

  Treating the Invisible Wounds of War: Conclusions and Recommendations

Book Review Excerpts

'WINNER — 2008 PROSE Award — Clinical Medicine The American Publishers Award for Professional and Scholarly Excellence'

- Council on Foreign Relations

'Must Read. In this report, the RAND Corporation discusses psychological and cognitive injuries from war, their consequences, and services to assist recovery'

- The Lancet, Vol 372, November 15, 2008

Research conducted by

This work was funded by a grant from the Iraq Afghanistan Deployment Impact Fund, which is administered by the California Community Foundation. The study was conducted jointly under the auspices of the Center for Military Health Policy Research, a RAND Health center, and the Forces and Resources Policy Center of the National Security Research Division (NSRD).

This report is part of the RAND Corporation monograph series. RAND monographs present major research findings that address the challenges facing the public and private sectors. All RAND monographs undergo rigorous peer review to ensure high standards for research quality and objectivity.

Permission is given to duplicate this electronic document for personal use only, as long as it is unaltered and complete. Copies may not be duplicated for commercial purposes. Unauthorized posting of RAND PDFs to a non-RAND Web site is prohibited. RAND PDFs are protected under copyright law. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please visit the RAND Permissions page.

The RAND Corporation is a nonprofit institution that helps improve policy and decisionmaking through research and analysis. RAND's publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors.

Document Details

• Copyright: RAND Corporation
• Availability: Available
• PrintFormat: Paperback
• Paperback Pages: 498
• List Price: $55.50
• Paperback Price: $44.40
• Paperback ISBN/EAN: 9780833044549
• DOI:https://doi.org/10.7249/MG720
• Document Number: MG-720-CCF
• Year: 2008
• Series:Monographs

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